Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune condition of the central nervous system, in which the immune system attacks myelin — the protective sheath of nerve fibres. This disrupts the transmission of messages between the brain and the body.

It appears most often in young adults and more frequently in women. The most common form is relapsing-remitting, with periods of relapse and remission. Early diagnosis and treatment are decisive for the course of the disease.

Symptoms vary depending on the area of the nervous system affected and may appear in relapses:

The exact cause of MS is unknown. It is thought to arise from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors, such as vitamin D deficiency, smoking and prior Epstein-Barr virus infection.

MS is not directly inherited, although a family history may slightly increase the risk.

Diagnosis rests on combining the clinical picture with MRI of the brain and spinal cord, which reveals the characteristic demyelinating lesions. The international revised McDonald criteria are used, requiring dissemination of lesions in space and time.

Where needed, the work-up is completed with a lumbar puncture (oligoclonal bands) and evoked potentials. Expert MRI interpretation is critical for correct diagnosis and monitoring.

Modern MS management is based on disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), which reduce the frequency and severity of relapses and slow progression. The choice is individualised according to the form, disease activity and patient profile.

In parallel, acute relapses and individual symptoms (fatigue, spasticity, pain) are managed, with regular monitoring via follow-up MRI and, where needed, a multidisciplinary team.